Exploratory Data Analysis

Lucy D’Agostino McGowan

Learning objectives

  • Identify data types and matching appropriate visualization techniques
  • Explain the utility of exploratory data analysis
  • Conduct exploratory data analysis on a new dataset

Why explore your data?

Why EDA?

  • Check whether everything is as expected in your data
    • Are there as many rows as you expected in the data set?
    • Is any data missing?
    • Are there data entry errors?
    • Are there outliers?

Why EDA?

  • Check whether everything is as expected in your data
  • Check whether the assumptions of your modeling choice are met
    • Do the data types match the analysis method?
    • If doing simple linear regression is the relationship linear?
    • If doing multiple linear regression, is the functional form modeled correctly?
    • Are any points having a strong influence on the model results?

Reading in Data

Reading in data

Some data is already loaded when you load certain packages in R, to access these, you just need to use the data() function like this:

library(datasauRus)
data(datasaurus_dozen)

Reading in data

Other times you’ll have data in a file, like a .csv or Excel file. You can use read_* functions that load when you load the tidyverse package to read these in. For example, to read a .csv file in, you could run:

movie_data <- read_csv("movie_data.csv")


Note, movie_data.csv would need to be saved in your RStudio project folder for this code to run. We will practice this in a few weeks.

Checking your data

glimpse at your data


glimpse(datasaurus_dozen)
Rows: 1,846
Columns: 3
$ dataset <chr> "dino", "dino", "dino", "dino", "dino", "d…
$ x       <dbl> 55.3846, 51.5385, 46.1538, 42.8205, 40.769…
$ y       <dbl> 97.1795, 96.0256, 94.4872, 91.4103, 88.333…

How many rows are in this dataset? How many columns?

00:30

glimpse at your data


library(palmerpenguins)
glimpse(penguins)
Rows: 344
Columns: 8
$ species           <fct> Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, Adelie, …
$ island            <fct> Torgersen, Torgersen, Torgersen,…
$ bill_length_mm    <dbl> 39.1, 39.5, 40.3, NA, 36.7, 39.3…
$ bill_depth_mm     <dbl> 18.7, 17.4, 18.0, NA, 19.3, 20.6…
$ flipper_length_mm <int> 181, 186, 195, NA, 193, 190, 181…
$ body_mass_g       <int> 3750, 3800, 3250, NA, 3450, 3650…
$ sex               <fct> male, female, female, NA, female…
$ year              <int> 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 2007, 20…

What type of variable is species? How many numeric variables are there?

00:30

Data types

Data types

  • Continuous / Numeric / Quantitative
    • double Numbers c(1.5, 2, 3.12, 4)
    • integer Whole numbers c(1, 2, 3, 4)
  • Categorical / Qualitative
    • character Text c("red", "banana")
    • factor Category c("Yes", "Maybe", "No")

Visualizing data

What are we looking for?

  • The “shape” of the data
  • Patterns
  • Outliers (strange points / data errors)

Data

Let’s grab one of the datasaurus_dozen datasets.

x_data <- datasaurus_dozen |>
  filter(dataset == "x_shape")


What does filter do? Why ==?

00:30

One continuous variable

Histogram

The geom_* in ggplot2 describe the type of plot you want to create. What do you think would create a histogram?

00:30

geom_histogram

Histogram

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x)) +
  geom_histogram()
`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

What does this warning mean? How do you think we can get rid of it?

Histogram

Histogram

What does this plot tell us about the shape of this data?

00:30

Density plot

What geom_ do you think would create a density plot?

00:30

geom_density

Density plots

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x)) + 
  geom_density()

Density plots

Boxplot

What geom_ do you think would create a boxplot?

00:30

geom_boxplot

Boxplot

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x)) +
  geom_boxplot()

Does this give us as much information as the histogram?

00:30

Boxplot

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x, y = 1)) +
  geom_boxplot() + 
  geom_jitter()

Always show your data!

Boxplot

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x, y = 1)) +
  geom_boxplot() + 
  geom_jitter()

Always show your data!

Relationship between two continuous variables

Scatterplot

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x, y = y)) +
  geom_point()

Hex plot

ggplot(x_data, aes(x = x, y = y)) +
  geom_hex()

One categorical variable

Barplot

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = dataset)) + 
  geom_bar()

What does this plot tell us?

00:30

Barplot

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = dataset)) + 
  geom_bar() + 
  coord_flip()

Flip the coordinates to make it easier to read

Relationship between continuous and categorical variables

Histogram

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x, fill = dataset)) + 
  geom_histogram(bins = 30, alpha = 0.5)

Histogram

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x)) + 
  geom_histogram(bins = 30) + 
  facet_wrap(~dataset)

Histogram

smaller_data <- datasaurus_dozen |>
  filter(dataset %in% c("slant_down", "x_shape"))

What does %in% do?

00:30

Histogram

ggplot(smaller_data, aes(x = x, fill = dataset)) + 
  geom_histogram(bins = 30, alpha = 0.5)

Ridge plots

library(ggridges)
ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x, y = dataset, fill = dataset)) +
  geom_density_ridges(alpha = 0.4, bandwidth = 2)

Boxplot

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x, y = dataset)) + 
  geom_boxplot()

What is missing?

00:30

Boxplot

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x, y = dataset)) + 
  geom_boxplot() + 
  geom_jitter()

How can we make this more legible?

00:30

Boxplot

ggplot(datasaurus_dozen, aes(x = x, y = dataset, color = dataset)) + 
  geom_boxplot() + 
  geom_jitter(alpha = 0.5)

Application Exercise

  1. Open the Welcome Penguins folder from the previous application exercise

  2. Create a boxplot examining the relationship between the body mass of a penguin and their species.

  3. Add jittered points to this plot

  4. Add labels and a title to this plot

08:00

Dr. Lucy D’Agostino McGowan